The Earth Temperature And Its Effect On The Balance...

The earth temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and existing. When solar radiation from the sun is absorbed by the earth atmosphere, the earth warms up. Some get reflected back into space. The land and ocean than absorbs the energy and radiates in the form of heat back into space. But some of the heat is trapped by Green House Gases (GHG) enable earth to keep warm to sustain life.Human activities such as burning fossils fuel, farming, deforestation, industry, waste breakdown are a few example of cause to the increase concentration of GHG release into the earth atmosphere. Hence trapping more heat, than the earth needed causing the earth temperature to rise. This balance is interrupted by natural and human activities, but historical record shows that the climate system vary naturally over a wide range of time scales. Interpreting the data before the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s, can be explained by natural causes such as changes in solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and natural changes in GHG concentrations. Recent data by NASA, EPA and other organisation can’t explained by natural causes alone but rather, human activities are responsible for the dramatic increasing in GHG and the effect this have on the earth. The major gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include: Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions but primary cause by human activityShow MoreRelatedThe Potential Cause Of Global Warming1689 Words   |  7 Pageswarming may be completely natural for many reasons. First, Earth tends to go through cycles of heating and cooling and this wouldn’t be the first time our planet has begun to heat up unexpectedly. Second, nobody can directly correlate humans with global warming, we may emit CO2 but that doesn’t mean we caused it. Other people believe that humans caused the entire thing because of our CO2 emissions. If we weren’t emitting so much CO2 then the Earth would not be heating up at the rate that it is currentlyRead MorePlasma-the 4th State of Matter10365 Words   |  42 PagesContents: 1. Introduction 1.1 Basic Physics of Charged Particles Moving In a Magnetic Filed 1.2 The Lorentz Force 1.3 The Hall Effect 2. What Is Plasma? 2.1 What is it that distinguishes plasma from ordinary gases? 2.2 Commercial Applications 2.3 Waves in Plasma 3. Nuclear Fusion Fusion Reactors 3.1 The Lawson’s Criterion 3.2 Magnetic Field Confinement 3.3 Inertial Confinement 4. TFTR Its Contributions to Engineering 4.1 Transport 4.2 Fusion Power Production 4.3 Alpha-ParticlesRead MoreConstruction and the Built Environment5845 Words   |  24 PagesConstruction and the Environment Assignment One The year 1992 and the ‘Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro marked a paradigm shift in the attitude of the governments of the world, as over 150 delegates attended and recognised the importance of ecological issues to the future of humanity. This was of great significance to the construction industry, as one of the greatest consumers, and producers, of our economic system. ‘Construction accounts for 40% of the total flow of raw materials intoRead MoreEnvironment: Energy Development and Environmental Problems11602 Words   |  47 Pages--Physical location is thus not as important as national ownership. | Ability | It is the rich nations who possess most of the technological know-how and financial means to deal with environmental catastrophe and to research possible alternative energy solutions. 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What do we have to do with it?† What are some ways that humans are thoughtRead MoreNebosh Diploma Note Unit C22654 Words   |  91 PagesRisk of Explosion .......................................... 13   Effects of Fire on Structural Materials............................................................................................ 14   Vapour Cloud Explosion ................................................................................................................ 15   Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) Vapour Cloud Explosion – Principles Effects ...............................................................Read MoreBIOLOGY GRADE 11 NOTES Essay examples6702 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿Biology Grade 11 Exam Study Guide Diversity Taxonomic Categories Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchy From most general to most specific Binomial Nomenclature System used to identify all organisms on Earth Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology ïÆ'   Form and shape ïÆ'   It is simple but there are natural variations in population Biology Read MoreEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism6014 Words   |  25 Pagesactivities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. 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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Seven   global   megatrends   shape   the   face   of   the   world   in   2030 T1 CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS Read MoreEngineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine59558 Words   |  239 PagesChambers, 248 Combustion in CI Engines, 251 Summary, 259 Problems, 260 Design Problems, 261 viii Contents EXHAUST FLOW 8 262 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 Blowdown, 262 Exhaust Stroke, 265 Exhaust Valves, 268 Exhaust Temperature, 269 Exhaust Manifold, 270 Turbochargers, 272 Exhaust Gas Recycle-EGR, 273 Tailpipe and Muffler, 273 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, 274 Summary and Conclusions, 274 Problems, 275 Design Problems, 276 AND AIR POLLUTION 9 EMISSIONS 277 9-1

Hockey Violence Essay - 1706 Words

Ice in our Blood and Blood on our Ice Ice in our Blood and Blood on our Ice I went to a fight the other night and a hockey game broke out. Rodney Dangerfield. Ever since the start to the game of hockey, violence has always played a role in the sport. While that role both contributing positive and negative aspects to the game, violence has taken its toll on not only the players but the fans as well. As violence in hockey is as many fans say part of the game and what makes â€Å"hockey† hockey, the negative outcomes overweigh the positive. From fights to brawls, slashes to high sticks, boarding to head contact the violence surrounds the entire game. As fans cheer and rant at their full potential when a fight breaks out during a hockey†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, it is difficult to accept that violence is incidental when NHL players who specialize in fighting, goons or enforcers, are paid a premium for this behavior even though their hockey skills are marginal and those who refuse to fight are consigned to the minor leagues as punishment . However, when looking specifically at the economic value that violence is an attribute of the product intentionally promoted by leagues and teams to increase attendance and profits. The underlying assumption is that fans have a taste for violence, and violence attracts larger crowds, larger crowds increase revenue, which, given costs, increases profits. This hypothesis is compatible with the response of successive NHL presidents when the question of violence is raised: that the league is in the entertainment business and therefore has to put on a spectacle. It is also consistent with the act of paying players a premium to fight and the statistical finding that violence and NHL attendance are positively correlated. While it is quite clear that violence was widespread in hockey before and during the early years of the NHL, when it was strictly a Canadian game, as some of the classic NHL brawls have taken place in Canada between Canadian teams, and the largest NHL fan riot occurred in M ontreal.Show MoreRelatedViolence in Hockey2046 Words   |  9 PagesHockey has always been known to be a physical sport; it is full of body checks, hits from behind, sometimes the misuse of the hockey stick, and even fights. Now all off these are deemed acceptable by hockey fans to a certain extent. When a player swings his stick at another player and an injury occurs to the opposing man the instigator can usually expect to be penalized for a short amount of time, maybe even a suspension from the team for a few games. But when does this violent act on the iceRead MoreViolence in sports refers to the physical acts committed in contact sports such as soccer, hockey,600 Words   |  3 Pages Violence in sports refers to the physical acts committed in contact sports such as soccer, hockey, football and basketball. These acts of violence can include intentional attempts or threats to physically harm another player by the athletes and coaches engaged in spectator sports. Sports violence is widespread with its roots being traced back to the times of Ancient Roman gladiator fights and chariot races. In today’s sports culture, there is a high price placed on victory and sports fans haveRead MoreAnalyzing Violence Aggression in Ice Hockey Players2996 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: Violence Aggression: Ice Hockey Violence Aggression: Ice Hockey Abstract In the arena of sports today there is a continuous subject in every sport hostility and violence. Aggression can be revealed in a lot of dissimilar methods in sports. In baseball hostility can be chucking a pitch inside to a player or gliding into second base and captivating the other basemen. In basketball it can be a foul that is hard and shoving someone to the ground. And in NASCAR it can be somewhat asRead More†¢Players Who Participate In Athletics Consent And Assume1293 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Players who participate in athletics consent and assume risk if injury occurs as an aspect of the game. Thus, players who take part in such a dangerous sport as hockey accept the dangers that inhere in it so far as they are obvious and necessary (People v. Schacker). However, if the dangers inherent in the sport were obscure or unobserved or so serious as to justify the belief that precautions of some kind must have been taken to avert them. People engaged in athletic competitio n are generallyRead MoreEssay on Out of Control: Violence in Youth Sports2065 Words   |  9 PagesOut of Control: Violence in Youth Sports On Tuesday March 9, high school students and families exited the Chelmsford Forum following the Eastern Massachusetts’ Division 1 North hockey championship. Those rooting St. John’s (Shrewsbury) departed satisfied that their 13th-seeded Pioneers are heading to the FleetCenter for a chance at the state title. Heavily favored Matignon (Cambridge), however, came out on the short end of the 4-2 final. A heated argument amongst fans escalated. TauntingRead MoreThe Media Production Program At Ryerson University1282 Words   |  6 PagesCapital, 2016). This metaphor fits perfectly for something I love to watch and play: hockey. Canada has been the catalyst that has propelled me into following the National Hockey League (NHL) and adapting to a hockey lifestyle (seen in the lampshade in top right of artifact). Growing up in Canada influenced my friends and family to enjoy hockey. I did not realize it at the time, but part of getting interested in hockey was the need to connect with those around me. One of my most treasured memories isRead MoreThe Cost Of Playing Hockey At The Elite Level2435 Words   |  10 PagesThe cost of playing in hockey at the elite level is simply just too expensive for a typical middle class Canadian family to be able to afford. Hockey Academies are private schools, which are a luxury where you go to school and practice and perfect your skills as a hockey player at the same time. Personal Training and Hockey Schools are tools that could be used to become a better hockey player by getting stronger, faster and more practice time during the off-season. The raise in prices for ice timeRe ad MoreThe Role Of Sports For Athletes And Women Athletes1500 Words   |  6 Pagesexpensive venture and access is largely restricted to wealthy people. For example, in sports like hockey the cost is very high due to registration fees, uniforms, equipment, and facility costs. A recent case involving women field hockey players in Calgary underscores many of these challenges (Nesom, 2014). There are also injuries associated with sports participation (Madigan and Delaney 2009:112), including violence perpetuated by fans of winning and losing teams (Lewis 2009:2) Besnier and Brownell (2012)Read MoreSports Violence Must Be Abolished963 Words   |  4 Pages Hockey, football, and boxing all share something in common; and no I am not referring to the skill, quickness, and finesse that is required for these sports. I am indeed referring to the intense physicality that all three of these sports strongly value. As a devoted hockey fan, I am a witness to a great part of the physicality that takes place. Therefore, I am well aware and understand that physicality is crucial in order to compete in most sports, but we have to draw the line somewhere. When thereRead MoreCharacter Development in Youth Sports Essay2283 Words   |  10 Pagessurveyed in an issue of SportingKid magazine have witnessed ‘violent parental behavior’ toward children, coaches or official at kids’ sporting events, 80% said they had been victims of such behavior. Violence makes headlines too, as Docheff and Conn speak about a father of a 10 year old ice hockey player ‘confronts’ a coach, engages in ‘some verbal sparring’ until asked to leave. Then ‘the stressed father returns to the rink, challenges the coach again, and begins beating him while young athletes

Organizational Behaviour - 1633 Words

INTRODUCTION Organization Defined Organizations are complex systems which rely on people, structures and technology to achieve their goals and objectives. They are created to serve the needs of the societies or communities in which they operate and are influenced by both their internal environment (culture) and their external environment. As defined by Robins â€Å"an organization is a continuously co-ordinated social unit of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals† (Robins 2005). Organizational Behaviour Defined Behaviour on the other hand, he defines simply as â€Å"the actions of people (Robins 2005). Organization behaviour (often referred to as OB) is the†¦show more content†¦Although his work emphasized the technical rather than purely human side of management, he did point out the role of specific incentives in motivating workers and the value of specialization. Perhaps Taylor’s greatest contribution to the study of management and organizational behaviour was his approach of applying the scientific method to industrial problems. (Colonel Samuel H Hays and Lieutenant Colonel William N Thomas,Taking Command, Stackpole Books, USA, 1976, p 93). This scientific approach has been adopted by several theorists and applied to the filed of organizational behaviour. CONTRIBUTIONS BY VARIOUS DISCIPLINS The Contribution of Psychology to the field of OB The psychological contribution to OB focussed on understanding individuals and predicting their behaviour, and using that knowledge within organizations to improve the organization’s competitive advantage. Psychological studies focussed on areas such as perceptions, learning, personality development, needs and motivation. Of these areas motivation is the over arching factor and most important to the organizational setting because it deals with an individual’s willingness to work. Motivation is defined as the conscious decision to direct effort toward one activity more than others (Coffey et. al). Of course one cannot speak of motivation unless they mention Abraham Maslow and â€Å"his hierarchy of needs† theory. Maslow hypothesized that within everyShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organi zational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour1455 Words   |  6 PagesIf you were CEO what would you change and why - provide your recommendation with a Before and After Organizational chart. - If you are not working at this time - use a past employer. Ans 1. Table of Content * Introduction * Discussion * Complete assessment of the company I work for – M. Muhammad Shafi amp; Co. * What would I change as the CEO and why * Organizational Charts, Before and After. * Bibliography Introduction Change is very important for any organizationRead Moreorganizational behaviour1261 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior MG6013 The exploration of the theories, research and practices that allow a better understanding of human behavior in organizations. Topics include motivation and job satisfaction; decision making; group dynamics; work teams; leadership; communication; power, politics and conflict; organization culture, structure and design; impact of technology; management of work stress; organizational change andRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesconfusion, also goes under several different names, some of which you will encounter when reading texts on the subject. The two main areas are generally called Human Resource Management (HRM) and Organisational Behaviour (OB), but the field is also sometimes called Organisational Analysis (OA), Behaviour in Organisations (BinO), Organisation Studies (OS), and a host of other names, including the practitioner area called Organisational Development (OD). There are, in fact, subtle nuances and variations inRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Issues1427 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Report- Organizational Behavior â€Å"Issues in Organizational Behaviour based on own experiences† Student No. Structure: 1. Introduction 2. Main Body and Recommendations 3. Conclusion 4. References What is Organizational Behaviour? Organizational Behaviour is nothing else than developing our understanding and development of people skills. A multidisciplinary field devoted to understanding individual and group behaviour, interpersonal process and organizational dynamics. DifferentRead MoreEssay about Organizational Behaviour1051 Words   |  5 Pagescom My essay will introduce the culture and organizational strategies of Amazon.com. I focus on the evolution of Amazon.com, the organization culture with the Scheins three levels of culture, the truth of working on Amazon, why is amazon so successful on the basis of organizational strategies and how to improve in the original basis. Organizational culture could be the core of the company and exists from the start of Amazon.com. Organizational culture is the shared values, beliefs, and normsRead MoreThe Development Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour3154 Words   |  13 Pages2001). Out of this comes the development of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB). OCB represents â€Å"individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognised by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the organization† (Organ 1988, p. 4). The study of OCB has become increasingly important as the prevalence, importance, and costs of counterproductive, or deviant, behaviour in the workplace have been increasingly recognisedRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour And Communication Issues Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION In this case-study for Electra Products’, I will be addressing relevant, organisational behaviour and communication issues that must be addressed in order to â€Å"revive the failing company† (Samson, 2012). Specific recommendations will be offered to further assist in focusing on the key outlined issues and what actions would be most appropriate to take from this point. 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In what ways does organizational citizenship affect organizational performance? Illustrate with examples where appropriate. Organizational Citizenship Organizational citizenship is an organizational success that consists of supports from the volunteers of individuals and behavior (Business Dictionary 2013). Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB)

MARKETING Essay Example For Students

MARKETING Essay MARKETIN STRATEGY IN E-COMMERCE By: BRAD E-mail: emailprotected Marketing Strategy and E-Commerce Introduction With the rapidly advancing technologies that are occurring in modern business, organisations are required to be ready, and able to adapt within their ever-changing environment. It is true across all diverse industries that in order to stay competitive, organisations must be able to utilise the various tools that technology has to offer. Technological factors have been of growing importance, particularly in recent years. A major factor involved in these technology issues is the use of the Internet as a major issue to modern organisations. The Internet has been rapidly growing since its inception and is now commonly used in all sectors of societies, in all corners of the globe. The Internet has quickly become one of the most valuable assets in modern technology, and as such, is developing as an integral part of modern commerce. As with past technologies, the Internet will have future technological advances develop from its own growth. The task the organisations of in the new century? Realise future opportunities and threats, and base a strategy accordingly. Is it cliche to say that the Internet changes everything: the challenge now is to say what, how and how quickly. (When Companies Connect, 1999, p.19) The Internet has lead to the birth and evolution of electronic commerce or E-commerce. E-commerce has now become a key component of many organisations in the daily running of their business. Simply defined, electronic commerce is a system of online shopping and information retrieval accessed through networks of personal computers. (Reedy, J. Schullo, S. Zimmerman, K. 2000, pg. 29) E-commerce challenges traditional organisational practices, and opens ups a vast array of issues that the organisations must address. By focusing on the varying levels of an organisation, it soon become apparent the effects that E-commerce can have. An understanding of the implication E-commerce has on such organisational divisions can help businesses gain understanding hence plan for its inevitable continuing evolution. In terms of marketing, the modern organisation must be critically aware of the development of E-commerce, and the implications that it entails. Marketers develop their own recipe of promotional tactics to fit the product lines or industries in which they compete. Now electronic communications tools are and will continue to be an important ingredient in the promotional mix (Reedy, J. Schullo, S. Zimmerman, K. 2000, pg. 29) In assessing the implications of E-commerce in terms of marketing, it is important to understand its impact in respect to marketing strategy formulation. As the Internet, and in turn E-commerce has developed, and continues to evolve and grow, it is vital that any organisation, in any particular industry, must base its strategic planning around such a rapidly growing medium. The growth of the Internet is an environmental influence that must be embraced and understood so to successfully plan for future marketing implementation. In order to successful realise the impact that E-commerce has in terms of marketing, it is important to break the area of interest into some key areas. As most of the issues that arise in terms of E-commerce represent organisations entering the environment, it seems natural to base discussion around this. Therefore, the bulk of the literature review relates existing organisations entering into the E-commerce market environment. In successfully identifying the relationship between E-commerce and strategy, the issues are categorised as follows: 1. Strategic analysis Understanding the environment 2. Identifying the strategic options/SWOT analysis Strategic Advantages/Disadvantages Advertising Electronic cost cutting/publishing/Process 3. Corporate level, Business level, d Marketing level 4. Retailing in E-commerce Implementation Issues Financial Performance monitoring 5. Conclusion Based on current knowledge state To gain a clearer understanding of the implication of E-Commerce in the formulation of marketing strategy, it is imperative to gain a clear understanding of the environment and its relevant effects. This helps in understanding the rationale in a developing marketing strategy, particularly the influences of E-Commerce on its make-up. The next crucial element is to gain an understanding of E-commerce itself, as well as the current and possible future developments. In understanding E-commerces impact on strategic foundations, an organisations strategies can be more clearly focused. Once the organisation and E-commerces respective environments are clear it is then possible to understand E-commerces implications in regards to fundamental marketing strategies. By focusing on tools such as the competitive strategy framework we can gain a better understanding of strategy formulation. By now it is easy to link E-commerce ideals directly into the strategic planning sequence, and hence understand its impact to the marketer. (Brown, 1997) By reviewing these traditional marketing theories and practices, its possible to see where, if at all E-commerce fit into current frameworks. This will provide relevant conclusions that can be made based on the strategic implications of E-commerce, and its attributes in the marketing process. In doing so, this adds a vital dimension to the marketer in an ever-growing technology based society, of which must be clearly understood. Strategic analysis Understanding the Environment In order to gain an understanding of E-commerces impact to the modern organisation it is imperative that the environmental issues are analysed and understood. The understanding of the environment in which an organisation is involved is a fundamental element of its strategic plan. In order to be successful in any industry the organisation must have a sound understanding of influences that effect its product or service offer. When conducting an environmental analysis in regards to the Internet, it may seem that many of its attributes are present in traditional consumer markets. However, E-commerce provides organisations with a unique medium to analyse, requiring information relating specifically to its environment. (Strauss, J. Frost, R., 1999). E-commerce ideals place particular emphasis on environmental factors, due to the high rate of change and development it constantly undergoes. An understanding of both environmental influence on the Internet and E-commerce, and that of a particular organisation is imperative basing any strategic formulation. Strauss, J. Frost, R. (1999) includes these macro and micro environmental factor as key issues, and they are extremely useful in constructing a basic for strategic planning. Macro Environment Technology Obviously technology is a key environmental issues that must be addressed when analysing and understand E-commerce. Technology is ever-changing, and as such E-commerce is absolutely influenced by its evolution. Rapid changes in recent technological advances have bought about the Internet and in turn E-commerce, and such dramatic evolution is likely to continue. In terms of strategic formulation, technology is a huge issue that any organisation must be aware of when realising E-commerce s strategic implications. For example, an organisation thinking of developing a Web site must be strongly aware of technological issues that pertain to such initiations. The decision to develop a web-site internally or externally would be a key issue for any organisation. Internal web-site development would require a vast understanding of technology and require this environmental factor to be constantly reviewed and analysed. In any case, awareness of technology is vital in planning marketing and business strategies, and should be closely followed. World economies Another key environmental influence is an awareness and understanding of global activity such as world economies. As the Internet provide a basis for global communication, the awareness of world economies must be understood in regards to E-commerce. The linking of the Internet world-wide, in turn effects the way in which E-commerce behaves, and therefore makes an understanding of world economies imperative. Legal/Political As with the need to understand world economies, global integration of E-commerce highlights fundamental environment issues such as legal and political influences. As independent countries operate different legal and politic systems, it is obvious that an understanding of such ideals is also important in addressing E-commerce. For example, a recent precedent-setting court case in New York recently, a judge ruled that New Yorkers were breaking the law by gambling on the Internet, even if the gambling companies were based in other countries. State Supreme Court Justice Charles Edward Ramos stated, The act of entering the bet and transmitting the information from New York via the Internet is adequate to constitute gambling activity within New York State. (Public Agenda Online, 2000) Such example highlights issues that organisation must be aware of when developing a marketing strategy formula. Failing to recognise possible repercussions of E-commerce use, in a political or legal manner could prove catastrophic for an organisation. It is imperative it is carefully looked at, particularly in regards to E-commerce. Micro Environment Market environment The growth of E-commerce has transformed the way in which consumers purchase products as well as how organisations operate. The Internet provides the necessary tools; easy operation and exchange of information; and therefore effects all diverse industries and organisations. The Internet has become a useful tool for selling, buying and distributing goods and services globally in a rapidly growing supply chain. The potential market that the Internet provides has little or no restrictions by either geography or time, and therefore poses a huge impact on any organisation considering E-commerce in its strategic marketing formulation. Opportunities in E-commerce are enormous, as present growth and development have proved. Proposal for a fitness center in TI Essay The strategy hierarchy (Fig 2.) identifies the: corporate strategy business strategy And at a functional level, the marketing strategy. It is imperative that when addressing the strategic implication of E-commerce, that all three areas of the organisation must be addressed. In doing so, the marketing role within the organisation is not isolated, and is in keeping with the overall organisations core objectives. The first step is to address the corporate strategy and define the its link to the strategic development of E-commerce. The basis for the corporate strategy identifies where the business wants to focus its attention in regards to the scope of the organisation. In doing so bases its mission and vision to align with key objectives. (Brown, L. 1997) Paxton, B. Baker, T. (1997) suggests that it is essential that the Internet planning process is not divorced from the corporate strategic management process but is integrated into each stage of your companys existing process. The focus of the corporate strategy is to develop synergy between the various Strategic Business Units (SBUs). This is a vital element to any organisation that is evolving its strategies into new domains, particularly as a result of environment shifts. Therefore when formulated a strategy based around the use of E-commerce, it is imperative that the SBU planning is in synergy with the core corporate objectives. In doing so, the other relevant SBUs will follow the corporate strategies lead. As the varying SBUs are aligned within the corporate strategy, they too have influence over their relative functional levels. The business strategy possesses more defined objectives as well as a clearly defined competitive strategy. Because the SBUs operate in their relevant markets, such clearer focused goals are possible. At this level the focus is on building, defending and maintaining competitive positions through the development and implementation of competitive marketing strategies. (Brown, L. 1997, p.11) The role of the SBU strategy is clear, and is also highly relevant to E-commerce issues. This drive to maintain competitiveness in a SBUs market may be the foundation for a move into E-commerce development. As the core goals are to sustain a competitive position, an organisation may decide that E-commerce provide this and inherits its use in their strategic planning. However, some organisations may find that E-commerce provide them with no significant competitive offering, and hence chooses to ignore it as part of their strategic formulation. The decisions must follow a well prepared business plan and require a thorough understanding of the impact of the bottom line. (Higgins, J. 1999, p. 48) The marketing strategy level of strategic planning identifies some key functional issues that the organisation must implement. This identifies the relevant marketing objectives that the organisation wishes to implement as well as the product market strategies. This level gains a clearer focus on the consumer in each particular target market. This integrates many key marketing ideals, and is used to co-ordinate marketing resource and the marketing mix to reach the desired markets in which are targeted. The Marketing strategy is by far the most relevant in measuring the impact of E-commerce on the marketing strategy formula. While the upper levels in the hierarchy shapes the direction in which various marketing strategies are planned; it is this level that develops the functional elements of this strategy. Retailing in E-commerce A major shift in the evolution of E-commerce is its impact on the traditional retailing system, in particular the shift of intermediaries from the distribution channel. In theory, the Internet allows manufacturers to sell directly to the consumer, cutting out the traditional ideals of a middleman or intermediary. (Turban, E. et al. 2000). Turban (et al. 2000) describes this phenomenon as disintermediation. Turban, E. et al. (2000) also identifies an emerging electronic middlemen such as e-mail and product selection agents. This is quite naturally classified as reintermediation. (Fig 3.) Shows the prevalence of the two as a result of E-commerce developments. The evolution of the second phenomenon is commonly believe to the basis for future E-commerce practices. Hutchinson, A. (1997) suggests that this middleman effect with combine with global integration and widespread network connections. Once again Amazon.com provides are useful example of a strong electronic intermediary. When devising a marketing strategy an organisation must be aware of this shift in E-commerce structures. The awareness of how intermediaries in the distribution channel is absolutely vital to marketing strategy, and the implications of how this is changing could have a profound effect on marketing strategy formulation. FIG 3. DISINTERMEDIATION AND REINTERMEDIATION BY EC (Turban, E. et al. 2000, p.64) Implementation Issues Financial The development of Web site is fundamentally used to result in some level of revenue or a decrease in the cost. Revenue is typically based around increase sales, and decrease cost could arise due to elimination of intermediary forces. (Strauss, J. Frost, R. 1999) Therefore the basis for integration into E-commerce has an effect on financial issues, and may perhaps be the basis for the strategic formulation. As with almost any strategic plan, there are associated costs that derive, and this is reflected also in E-commerce. Such cost could be identified as follows: Connecting to the Internet (The Internet Service Provider) Hardware and software Web site and advertising designers Staff to maintain the Web sites and manage e-mail with stakeholders. Performance monitoring As with any strategic formulation, E-commerce requires appropriate performance monitoring to ensure that is place in the organisation continues to be in sync with the functional goal and objectives put in place. This includes ensuring that any adaptation to E-commerce is monitored, including staff training and awareness. The use of E-commerce in an organisation must be carefully monitored to ensure that it remains productive, and that they generate some sort of gain. As well as these functional aspects, it is imperative that the actual strategies that are formulated as constantly review, and future developments are adapted into such strategies. Conclusion E-commerce is revolutionising the way in which an organisation thinks, and in particular how an organisation bases its future goals and objective. An understanding of the critical make up of organisations, and how they develop their strategies, helps to close the gap between E-commerce and strategic marketing. An organisations strategic planning process helps to cover the vital issues that any new paradigm may invoke. This structure helps provide a basis for assessing the impact of E-commerce and its relationship with marketing strategy. By understanding the organisation as a whole, it becomes clear what initiates strategic development, and hence provides clear reasons why E-commerce may become prevalent in strategy formulation. Such an understand allows the organisation to develop E-commerce strategy that is in sync with the organisations corporate strategies. Such fundamental comparisons help to gauge the effect E-commerce has and will have on modern organisations. If Organisations gain an understanding of E-commerce and its relationship to marketing and operational strategies, they will be better ready for future development and technological change. (Baty, E. 2000) In order to be competitive in modern business it is imperative that the organisations corporate strategies are constantly review, and environmental influences addressed. One of the major shifts in recent years is the technological shift towards the Internet, and as a result E-commerce. E-commerce has developed into an enormous aspect of the Internet and as such, organisations have been required to address this in their strategic planning. For example, the University of Otagos strategic plans would be to look forward to technological changes, and be ready to adapt to these. As such, perhaps the introduction of an E-commerce Degree may be a resultant of their strategic plans. Organisations that are looking towards E-commerce as a strategic option are met with numerous issues that must be addressed. Analysing theories and thoughts on E-Commerce helps to gain a better understanding of how an organisation would approach such a strategy. As with any strategy, many attributes must be considered, and carefully evaluated. As a fundamental component of strategic planning is to envision future development, perhaps these ideals could be advanced further. While E-commerce does and will have a profound effect on marketing strategy formulation, what will the future of E-commerce hold? As organisations implement their strategic plans in respect to E-Commerce, it must be realised how this will effect other part of the organisations. It is also important to understand how society is impacted as a result of their strategic plan. Is promoting a greater number of Internet users irresponsible? Perhaps promoting regular use of computers is affecting the general health of the consumer. While such suggestion seen rather extreme, it is feasible to assume that such ideals warrant further investigation. In keeping with these future ideals, research may be sought on developments in technology and the potential for total media packages and what they would mean to the advertiser. Perhaps the next step in the Internet, is total home entertainment, and identification of this early, could lead to a sustainable competitive advantage in E-commerce. Such forward thinking epitomises the fundamentals of formulating a successful